Compare Polygon, Arbitrum, and Optimism — architecture, fees, and ecosystem development of the top Layer 2 solutions.
Layer 2 scaling solutions are protocols built on top of Layer 1 blockchains to increase transaction throughput and reduce fees. Major L2 solutions include Polygon (MATIC), Arbitrum (ARB), and Optimism (OP), each using different approaches like Optimistic Rollups or zk-Rollups. As the Ethereum ecosystem grows, L2 solutions become increasingly important.
A Layer 2 is a scaling solution built on top of a main chain (usually Ethereum) that processes transactions off-chain before submitting them to the main chain, significantly reducing fees and increasing speed.
Optimistic Rollups (Arbitrum, Optimism) assume transactions are valid and only verify when disputes arise. zk-Rollups use zero-knowledge proofs for instant verification, offering higher security but with greater technical complexity.
Polygon has the most mature ecosystem, Arbitrum leads in TVL, and Optimism has the Superchain vision. The choice depends on which technology approach and ecosystem direction you believe in.